太田述正コラム#13624（2023.7.24）
＜宮野裕『「ロシア」は、いかにして生まれたか』を読む（その33）＞（2023.10.19公開）

[ロマノフ王朝の成立]

　’Feodor Nikitich Romanov＜（下出（注6））＞ was descended from the Rurik dynasty through the female line. His mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the Shuysky branch, daughter of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky.

⇒ロマノフ朝初代のミハイル・ロマノフの父親のフョードル・ロマノフは、女系ではリューリク家だった。（太田）

The family fortunes soared when ＜Feodor＞’s ＜aunt＞, Anastasia Zakharyina＜（注60）＞, married Ivan IV (the Terrible), the Rurikid Grand Prince of Moscow, on 3 (13) February 1547. Since her husband had assumed the title of tsar, which literally means “Caesar”, on 16 January 1547, she was crowned the very first tsaritsa of Russia.

　（注60）’the great-aunt of Michael of Russia, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty.’
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Romanovna

⇒しかも、フョードル・ロマノフの叔母にしてミハイル・ロマノフの大叔母であるところの、アナスタシア・ロマノヴナ、がイヴァン４世の最初の妃になり、イヴァン４世を継ぐこととなるフョードル１世の母となり、彼女の兄のニキータがイヴァン４世の外戚として重用された
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B4%E3%83%8A　
ことから、ロマノフ家が有力な存在に。（太田）

　Her mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan’s character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, Tsar Ivan started a reign of terror against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger Feodor, a pious but lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father’s death in 1584.
Throughout Feodor’s reign (1584–1598), the Tsar’s brother-in-law, Boris Godunov, and his Romanov cousins contested the de facto rule of Russia.

⇒だもんで、このロマノフ家、と、フョードルの義兄のボリス・ゴドゥノフ、とが、後継ツァーリ位を巡って争いになった。（太田）

Upon the death of childless Feodor, the 700-year-old line of Rurikids came to an end. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the Zemsky sobor＜（注61）＞ elected Godunov as tsar in 1598.

　（注61）ゼムスキー・ソボル。「16世紀半ばから17世紀にかけてロシアで開かれていた封建的身分制議会。」
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB

⇒「[14世紀から、]モスクワ大公、つまり後のツァーリ、に助言する機関として、貴族議会（Boyar Duma＜（ボヤール・ドゥーマ）＞）と呼ばれる組織があった[が、18世紀初、]・・・ピョートル１世（大帝）の時代に・・・ドゥーマは廃止され＜た＞」
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0
ところ、セムスキー・ソボルとこのボヤール・ドゥーマとの関係がよく分からなかった。（太田）

　Godunov’s revenge on the Romanovs was terrible: all the family and its relations were deported to remote corners of the Russian North and Urals, where most of them died of hunger or in chains.

⇒ゴドゥノフは、ロマノフ家全員を僻地に送り込んだ、というのだから、後世のシベリア流刑の先取りと言うべきか。
　しかし、フョードル・ロマノフを殺さなかったのはぬかったと言うべきかも。（太田）

　The family’s leader, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, was exiled to the Antoniev Siysky Monastery＜（注62）＞ and forced to take monastic vows with the name Filaret＜（注63）＞.

　（注62）ノヴゴロドの郊外にあった修道院。現在も建物は残っている。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoniev_Monastery
　（注63）フィラレート (モスクワ総主教)＝フョードル・ニキーチチ・ロマノフ（Feodor Nikitich Romanov。1553～1633年）
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88_(%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF%E7%B7%8F%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99)

The Romanovs’ fortunes again changed dramatically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in June 1605. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov’s recognition was sought by several impostors who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the Time of Troubles. False Dmitriy I made him a metropolitan, and False Dmitriy II raised him to the dignity of patriarch.

⇒ゴドゥノフが死ぬと、偽ドミトリーらは、ロマノフ家の権威を利用しようとし、最初の偽ドミトリーはフョードルをロストフの府教主（Metropolitan）にし、二番目の偽ドミトリーは、更に全ロシアの主教（Patriarch）にした。
　そもそも、ロシア正教なるものがいかに権威がない代物だったかが分かろうというものだ。（太田）

　Upon the expulsion of the Polish army from Moscow in 1612, the Zemsky Sobor offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and Gediminian princes, but all declined the honour.
On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret’s 16-year-old son Mikhail Romanov＜（注64）＞, then living at the Ipatiev Monastery of Kostroma, burst into tears of fear and despair.

　（注64）ミハイル・フョードロヴィチ・ロマノフ（Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov。1596～1645年。モスクワ大公：1613～1645年）。
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8E%E3%83%95

　He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova, who blessed him with the holy image of Our Lady of St. Theodore.

⇒ロマノフ朝初代のミハイル・ロマノフがツァーリ就任から逃げ回ったというのは深刻であると同時にまことに興味深い。（太田）

　Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to emphasize his ties with the last Rurikid tsars and sought advice from the Zemsky Sobor on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally accepted by the population as in-laws of Ivan the Terrible and viewed as innocent martyrs of Godunov’s wrath.[citation needed]
Mikhail was succeeded by his only son Alexei＜（注65）＞, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles.’
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov

　（注65）アレクセイ・ミハイロヴィチ（Alexei Mikhailovich。1629～1676年。モスクワ大公：1645～1676年）

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4_(%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC)

（続く）